Rethinking Lockdown Drills: Evidence-Based Best Practices for 2026

Lockdown drills remain one of the most controversial aspects of school safety. While necessary for preparedness, poorly implemented drills can traumatize students and staff. Recent research provides clear guidance on conducting effective, trauma-sensitive lockdown drills.

The Current Research Landscape

A 2023 study published in the Journal of School Violence found that traditional "surprise" lockdown drills increased anxiety in 87% of students surveyed, with effects lasting weeks. However, schools that eliminated drills entirely showed significantly slower response times during actual emergencies. The solution lies in evidence-based implementation.

Age-Appropriate Drill Design

Elementary schools should use developmentally appropriate language and scenarios. Instead of discussing active shooters, frame drills as "safe space practice" or "quiet game drills." Use simple language: "Sometimes we practice being very quiet and safe in our classroom." Research shows that younger children benefit from concrete, behavioral instructions rather than threat-focused explanations.

Middle and high schools can handle more detailed information, but focus should remain on empowerment rather than fear. Discuss statistical realities—schools remain among the safest places for young people—while teaching actionable skills. The "Run, Hide, Fight" protocol should be reframed as "Avoid, Deny, Defend" with emphasis on the first two options.

Timing and Frequency

The National Association of School Resource Officers recommends no more than four lockdown drills per year, with at least one announced practice at each grade level. Schedule drills mid-morning when students are alert but not immediately after arrival or before lunch when anxiety may be higher. Never conduct surprise drills without extensive preparation.

Pre-Drill Preparation

Send detailed parent notifications at least one week in advance, including the date, time, and what students will experience. Provide opt-out options for students with trauma histories or anxiety disorders, offering alternative safety instruction. Brief all staff on their roles and ensure substitute teachers receive emergency protocol training.

Create visual supports for all students, particularly those with autism or processing difficulties. Use social stories, visual schedules, and practice runs in low-stress environments. Identify "safe person" alternatives for students who cannot manage classroom lockdowns.

During the Drill

Announce drills clearly: "This is a lockdown drill. This is only a practice." Use consistent language and timing. Keep drills brief—10-15 minutes maximum for elementary schools, 20 minutes for secondary schools. Some experts recommend "tabletop" drills where students discuss procedures without full enactment, particularly for younger grades.

Avoid theatrical elements like simulated gunshots, pounding on doors, or attempting to open locked doors. These additions increase trauma without improving preparedness. Focus on calm, methodical practice of concrete skills: moving quickly and quietly, locking doors, turning off lights, and positioning away from sight lines.

Post-Drill Debrief

Always debrief with students, emphasizing what went well. Use strength-based language: "You were incredibly calm and followed directions perfectly." Provide processing opportunities and normalize diverse emotional responses. Some students may laugh from nervousness; others may cry. Both are normal.

Create feedback loops with students, staff, and families. What worked? What caused confusion or distress? Adjust protocols based on input. Document concerns and modifications for continuous improvement.

Special Considerations

Students with disabilities require individualized planning. IEP teams should address emergency procedures explicitly, including communication supports, mobility accommodations, and sensory needs. Students who cannot remain quiet may need alternative safe spaces with supportive adults.

After-school programs, athletics, and extracurricular activities need separate protocols since students may be in different locations during drills. Ensure all staff—including coaches, club sponsors, and facility workers—understand procedures.

Measuring Effectiveness

Effective drills balance preparedness with psychological safety. Indicators of success include staff confidence in procedures, student ability to follow protocols calmly, minimal anxiety reports post-drill, and continuous improvement in response times without increased fear.